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Xander Dunn

Verified account Periodic Labs

@xanderai

Building AI scientists @periodiclabs
Previously: Building LLMs for code gen, Deep RL for industrial robotics, @Apple @UChicago
San Francisco, CA xander.ai Joined February 2014
675 Following 3.2K Followers 1.8K Posts

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Xander Dunn Verified account @xanderai
The team @periodiclabs is absolutely cracked. Favorite team I've ever worked with. We're building AI scientists, and our progress is breakneck - already in the physical lab! The world doesn't need another social media app. We're turning bits into atoms.
Liam Fedus Verified account @LiamFedus Sep 30, 2025
Today, @ekindogus and I are excited to introduce @periodiclabs.

Our goal is to create an AI scientist.

Science works by conjecturing how the world might be, running experiments, and learning from the results.

Intelligence is necessary, but not sufficient. New knowledge is created when ideas are found to be consistent with reality. And so, at Periodic, we are building AI scientists and the autonomous laboratories for them to operate.

Until now, scientific AI advances have come from models trained on the internet. But despite its vastness — it’s still finite (estimates are ~10T text tokens where one English word may be 1-2 tokens). And in recent years the best frontier AI models have fully exhausted it.

Researchers seek better use of this data, but as any scientist knows: though re-reading a textbook may give new insights, they eventually need to try their idea to see if it holds.

Autonomous labs are central to our strategy. They provide huge amounts of high-quality data (each experiment can produce GBs of data!) that exists nowhere else. They generate valuable negative results which are seldom published. But most importantly, they give our AI scientists the tools to act.
We’re starting in the physical sciences.

Technological progress is limited by our ability to design the physical world.

We’re starting here because experiments have high signal-to-noise and are (relatively) fast, physical simulations effectively model many systems, but more broadly, physics is a verifiable environment. AI has progressed fastest in domains with data and verifiable results - for example, in math and code. Here, nature is the RL environment.

One of our goals is to discover superconductors that work at higher temperatures than today's materials. Significant advances could help us create next-generation transportation and build power grids with minimal losses. But this is just one example — if we can automate materials design, we have the potential to accelerate Moore’s Law, space travel, and nuclear fusion.

We’re also working to deploy our solutions with industry. As an example, we're helping a semiconductor manufacturer that is facing issues with heat dissipation on their chips. We’re training custom agents for their engineers and researchers to make sense of their experimental data in order to iterate faster.

Our founding team co-created ChatGPT, DeepMind’s GNoME, OpenAI’s Operator (now Agent), the neural attention mechanism, MatterGen; have scaled autonomous physics labs; and have contributed to some of the most important materials discoveries of the last decade. We’ve come together to scale up and reimagine how science is done.

We’re fortunate to be backed by investors who share our vision, including @a16z who led our $300M round, as well as @Felicis, DST Global, NVentures (NVIDIA’s venture capital arm), @Accel and individuals including @JeffBezos , @eladgil , @ericschmidt, and @JeffDean. Their support will help us grow our team, scale our labs, and develop the first generation of AI scientists.
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Xander Dunn Verified account @xanderai
Our spend on DataDog is too high ->

Hey Opus 5.5 switch everything to Grafana and VictoriaMetrics ->

1 day later we spend 38x less on all logs, alerts, and graphs. No loss of functionality.
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Xander Dunn Verified account @xanderai
In 2015/16 OpenAI posted their thesis on AGI and AI safety and I made fun of it at the time.

When GPT2 came out I recall a friend at Tesla being much more excited about it than I was.

So, I updated, and since then I’ve done pretty well:
- Nov 2022: “Having a binary will be equivalent to having the source”
- Jan 2023: Superhuman vulnerability finding
- Feb 2023: RL on LLMs is very important
- March 2024: Solve a Millennium problem before basic robotics
- Aug 2024: Big Math era + human difficulty of understanding voluminous proof output
- Nov 2025: Non experts rewriting world’s most challenging software. Always on agent swarms

Nobody has a perfect track record. Even some of the Anthropic cofounders admit GPT2 was not as dangerous as they expected (jack-clark.net/2024/06/03/imp…)

Look for people who correctly update.
“When the facts change, I change my mind. What do you do, sir?”

But, it’s not enough to update halfway, you have to update all the way.
Halfway: AI is a useful tool to help with code.
All the way: All code will be written by AI for the rest of history. In fact, all software will be rewritten by AI many times.
Halfway: AI is a useful tool to help with math.
All the way: All math will be written by AI for the rest of history. In fact, all new ideas in math will be proved by AI.
Halfway: AI is a useful tool for analyzing scientific data.
…

Great interview. Dario deserves his “I told you so” moment.
jack-clark.net Import AI 375: GPT-2 five years later; decentralized training; new ways of thinking about conscio... Import AI publishes first on Substack – subscribe here. SPECIAL EDITION!GPT2, Five Years On:…A cold eyed reckoning about that time in 2019 when wild-eyed technologists created a (then) powerful LLM…
dnap Verified account @dnapway Oct 27
Dario reveals the people who called his GPT-2 fears "pseudoscience" in 2019 are now all applying for jobs at AI labs

"I personally was super freaked out by [GPT-2]. I looked at it and I said, my God, you just scale this thing up another factor of a million and it'll be better than humans at everything. This is the defining economic and scientific moment of the modern age. We just don't know it yet. This is going to determine the fate of nations and economies and the future of humanity."

"Maybe 10% of the people around me had exactly the same reaction, and it was often the smartest ones. 90% of the people around me, because GPT-2's capabilities in any particular area were not that impressive, it could translate languages, summarize a document and write a few lines of code here and there. It was the broadness and the generality."

"But people would look at it and say, in any particular area, that doesn't seem so smart. And so many people just shrugged and they just dismissed it."

"I just look at it and I say it's the same thing over and over again. The limitations of the models, six months from now, the things that seemed hard, they're going to be easy. 12 months from now, the things that seemed impossible, the models are going to be doing them regularly."

"It's everything we saw with GPT-2; we're seeing it over and over again in wider and wider swaths of the world. And the world is gradually finally being convinced."

Daniela Amodei: "I remember at the time there were some very well-respected computer scientists and AI and ML leaders who basically bullied some of the researchers who worked on [GPT-2] on Twitter and were like, this is stupid. We don't know why you guys are even talking, this model is so incapable."

"It was like you were sort of a quack if you believed this was a really significant moment."

Dario: "That's all been memory-holed. All the researchers who were like, oh, this is pseudoscience, it doesn't make sense, all of them are applying for jobs at the LLM companies."

"We never say it out loud to any particular one, but we look at them and they're like, we remember what you were saying in 2019. You have no credibility on this matter."
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